Thermal behaviour of an immersion heater

Resistance

Water

flow

The following graph shows the variation of T2 when applying a step in F (from 0 to F)

T2 is the reference temperature variation that we compare to:
T3 same conditions but different flow (x10)
T4 same conditions but different exchange surface (x10)

The surace area has an important influence on the transient duration

The flow rate has a negligible influence on the transient duration